At first glance, the skies above financial markets look sunny, notably for credit markets. Term and credit spreads as well as volatility are very low by historical standards, while valuation and asset prices are high. But, as we argue in our just-released BIS Annual Economic Report, clouds are gathering on the horizon. Indeed, showers have already dampened spirits in some emerging markets. And worse could come if a further rise in the US dollar tightened financial conditions around the world: after all, post-crisis, companies in emerging economies and elsewhere have been all too eager to tap markets, while investors have been all too eager to oblige them. Will the stresses remain isolated? Or should we be worried about a more intense and widespread build-up of pressure?
Central banks still find it hard to forecast financial markets, just as meteorologists are not always successful in predicting the weather. At the BIS, we have come to appreciate how unrewarding it can be to flag risks when markets are running hot. Yet that is precisely when risks tend to be highest. Indeed, our analysis indicates that the risks ahead are material. A decade of unusually low interest rates and large-scale central bank asset purchases may have left many market participants unprepared, and have contributed to a legacy of overblown balance sheets. Financial conditions are easier than before the financial crisis, when many investors, households, corporations and sovereigns were caught out in the rain with no umbrella. And there is no denying that the room for manoeuvre in terms of monetary and fiscal policies is narrower today than at that time.
What are the specific threats and how could they affect credit markets? One threat could be a sudden decompression of historically low bond yields, a “snapback”, in core sovereign markets. When participants expect inflation to remain negligible far into the future, even mild inflation surprises can scare overstretched markets, as we saw earlier this year. This risk is more acute at a time when larger budget deficits and the gradual unwinding of the Fed’s large-scale asset purchases require investors to digest a bigger supply of bonds and bills. Another threat is a reversal in global risk appetite. This could be triggered by concerns about the sustainability of some sovereigns’ debt burdens, as we saw recently in the euro area periphery. Or it could be set off by an escalation of protectionist measures. (...) Or a reversal in risk appetite could be spurred by developments in some emerging markets, where financial cycles have turned or policies have failed to sufficiently strengthen fundamentals. (...)
Should stresses emerge, market liquidity will evaporate again: the insidious illusion of permanent liquidity has not gone away. But, compared with the past, the asset management sector will be more prominent in any market ructions, as it is now channelling much more money. Thus, the precise market dynamics are now harder to anticipate. Do these risks scream hurricane warning, summer storm or scattered showers? Hard to tell. It is worrying that post-crisis global debt, both public and private, has continued to rise in relation to GDP. (...)
(...) let’s normalise monetary policy with a steady hand, in line with country-specific circumstances, while remaining alert to the risks ahead. One reason for the current vulnerabilities is that central banks have had to bear the burden of the post-crisis recovery. We cannot rely on them for ever. As the British novelist Mary Renault wrote: “There is only one kind of shock worse than the totally unexpected: the expected for which one has refused to prepare.” We must not let this opportunity slip from our grasp.
Agustín Carstens is general manager of the Bank for International Settlements